Outline of political science: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to political science}} |
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These should be the most basic topics in the field--topics about which we'd like to have articles soon. Please see [[the most basic encyclopedia article topics]] for general instructions on constructing this list, and consult [[complete list of encyclopedia topics]]. |
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<!--... Attention: THIS IS AN OUTLINE |
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part of the set of 830+ outlines listed at |
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I have one: [[Political media]] |
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[[Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines]]. |
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Wikipedia outlines are |
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Another topic:[[stress and political decision-making]] |
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a special type of list article. |
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They make up one of Wikipedia's |
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content navigation systems |
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See [[Wikipedia:Outlines]] and |
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Below is a topology loosely based on the [http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/lcco.html Library of Congress Classification System] |
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[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Outlines]] for more details. |
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Further improvements |
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to this outline are on the way |
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...--> |
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The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics and political science: |
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{{Politics}} |
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'''[[Politics]]''' – the exercise of power; process by which groups of people make [[Group decision making|collective decisions]]. Politics is the art or science of running governmental or state affairs (including behavior within civil [[government]]s), institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the [[corporation|corporate]], [[academia|academic]], and [[religion|religious]] segments of society. |
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* [[Political science]] (General) |
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** [[Political science societies|Societies]] |
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'''[[Political science]]''' – the field concerning the theory and practice of [[politics]] and the description and analysis of [[political system]]s and political behavior. |
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{{TOC limit|limit=2}} |
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== Fields of study of political science== |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Comparative politics]] |
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** [[Democratization]] |
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** [[Political polarization|Polarization]] |
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** [[Politicization]] |
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** [[Multi-level governance]] |
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** ''see {{section link||Electoral systems}} and {{section link||Political institutions}}'' |
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* [[Development studies]] |
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* [[Geopolitics]] and [[political geography]] |
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** [[Area studies]] |
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** [[Globalization]] studies |
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* [[Gender and politics]] |
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* [[Institutional theory]] |
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** [[New institutionalism]] |
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* [[International relations]] |
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** [[Security studies]] |
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*** [[Critical security studies]] |
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*** [[Copenhagen school (international relations)|Copenhagen School]] |
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*** [[Paris school (security studies)|Paris school]] |
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*** [[Welsh School (security studies)|Welsh school]] |
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* [[Nationalism studies]] |
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** [[Banal nationalism]] |
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** [[Diaspora politics]] |
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** [[Irredentism]] |
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** [[Nationalism and gender]] |
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** [[Nationalist historiography]] |
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** [[Postnationalism]] |
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** [[Revanchism]] |
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* [[Political behavior]] |
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** [[Political activism]] |
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*** [[Political movement]] |
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* [[Political economy]] |
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* [[Political fiction]] |
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** [[Political satire]] |
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* Political [[research methodology]] |
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* [[Political sociology]] |
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* [[political philosophy|Political theory and philosophy]] |
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** [[Political spectrum]] |
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* [[Positive political theory]] |
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** [[Game theory]] |
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* [[Postcolonialism]] |
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* [[Psephology]] – study of elections |
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** [[Voting theory]] |
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** ''see {{section link||Electoral systems}}'' |
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* [[Policy analysis]] and [[Policy studies]] |
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** [[Foreign policy analysis]] |
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** [[Public administration]] and [[local government]] studies |
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** [[Public law]] |
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* [[Strategic studies]] |
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{{End div col}} |
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== Related disciplines == |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Economics]] |
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** [[Political economy]] |
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* [[History]] |
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** [[Political history]] |
** [[Political history]] |
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* [[Jurisprudence]] |
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* [[ |
** [[Constitutional law]] |
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** [[ |
** [[International legal theory]] |
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** [[Political jurisprudence]] |
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* [[Philosophy]] |
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** [[Ethics]] |
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** [[Political philosophy]] |
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* [[Psychology]] |
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** [[Political psychology]] |
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* [[Social science]] |
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** [[Anthropology]] |
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*** [[ |
*** [[Political anthropology]] |
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** [[Sociology]] |
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*** [[Political |
*** [[Political sociology]] |
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{{End div col}} |
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*** [[Patriotism]] |
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*** [[Symbolism]] |
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== Political theory == |
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*** [[Forms of state]] |
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{{Main|Political theory}} |
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* [[Politicial institutions]]/[[Public administration]] |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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** [[Comparative government]] |
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* [[Anarchist schools of thought]] hold that all forms of [[hierarchy]] and [[authority]] are illegitimate. |
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** [[Three powers of State]] |
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** [[Social anarchism]] views [[Individualism|individual freedom]] as interrelated with [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]].<ref name="Suissa, Judith 2001">Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". ''Journal of Philosophy of Education'' 35 (4). pp. 627–646. {{doi|10.1111/1467-9752.00249}}.</ref> |
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*** [[Executive]] |
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** [[Individualist anarchism]] |
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* [[Democratic theory]] |
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** [[Athenian democracy]] a form of [[Greek democracy]] in which free male citizens had a direct vote on all government actions. |
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**** [[Heads of state]] |
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** [[Republicanism]] a strain of political thought which was common among the [[city-states]] of the [[Italian Renaissance]], such as the [[Republic of Venice]]. |
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*** [[Legislative]] |
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** [[Representative democracy]] |
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** [[Direct democracy]] |
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*** [[Popular initiative|Initiative]] |
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*** [[Referendum]] |
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** [[Radical democracy]] |
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*** [[Deliberative democracy]] |
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*** [[Participatory democracy]] |
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* [[International relations theory]] |
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** [[Power in international relations]] |
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** [[Realism in international relations]] |
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*** [[Neorealism (international relations)]] |
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** [[Idealism in international relations]] |
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*** [[Liberalism (international relations)]] |
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*** [[Neoliberalism (international relations)]] |
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** [[Marxist international relations theory]] |
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** [[Functionalism in international relations]] |
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** [[Critical international relations theory]] |
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* [[Majoritarianism]] |
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* [[Marxist schools of thought]] |
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** [[Marxism-Leninism]] |
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** [[Maoism]] |
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** [[Trotskyism]] |
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** [[Left communism]] |
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** [[Anti-revisionism]] |
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** [[Western Marxism]] |
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*** [[Structural Marxism]] |
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*** [[Neo-Marxism]] |
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*** [[The Frankfurt School]] |
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*** [[Autonomism]] |
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*** [[Analytical Marxism]] |
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*** [[Marxist Humanism]] |
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*** [[Marxist feminism]] |
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*** [[Post-Marxism]] |
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* [[Metapolitics]] |
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* [[Peace and conflict studies]] |
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** [[Democratic peace theory]] |
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** [[Power transition theory]] |
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** [[Hegemonic stability theory]] |
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* [[Political geography]] |
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* [[Political symbolism]] |
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* [[Postcolonialism]] |
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** [[Decoloniality]] |
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*** [[Blue water thesis]] |
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** [[Three-world model]] |
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*** [[Third-Worldism]] |
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* [[Theories of state]] |
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** [[Consent of the governed]] |
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*** [[Social contract]] |
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*** [[Secession]] |
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*** [[Right of rebellion]] |
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** [[Form of government]] |
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** [[Islamic state]] |
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** [[Nationalism]] |
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** [[Patriotism]] |
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** [[Sovereignty]] |
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}} |
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== Decision-making == |
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[[File:Voting in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|Voting is a key form of decision-making in politics. A female journalist displays her inked finger after casting her vote in Afghanistan's western [[Herat Province|Herat province]].]] |
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===[[Election]]=== |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Electoral system]]s{{anchor|Electoral systems}} |
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** [[Plurality voting]] allows each voter to vote for a single candidate, with the candidate with most votes being the winner. It is often combined with [[single-member district]]s, resulting in a [[majoritarian democracy]]. |
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*** [[Cardinal voting|Cardinal voting system]]s |
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**** [[Approval voting]] |
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**** [[Satisfaction approval voting]] |
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**** [[Majority judgment]] |
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**** [[STAR voting]] |
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*** [[First-past-the-post voting]] |
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*** [[Single non-transferable vote]] |
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*** [[Limited voting]] |
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*** [[Plurality-at-large voting]] |
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*** [[General ticket]] |
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** [[Proportional representation]] ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the [[Election|electorate]].<ref name=JSM7>{{cite book|last1=Mill|first1=John Stuart|author-link=John Stuart Mill|title=Considerations on Representative Government|chapter=Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/5669/5669-h/5669-h.htm#link2HCH0007 |year=1861 |publisher=Parker, Son, & Bourn |location=London|title-link=Considerations on Representative Government}}</ref> Often combined with [[multi-member district]]s to produce [[consensus democracy]]. |
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*** [[Party-list proportional representation]] |
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****[[Gallagher index|proportionality measure]]s |
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** [[Mixed electoral system]]s |
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*** [[Mixed-member proportional representation]] |
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*** [[Parallel voting]] |
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*** [[Scorporo]] |
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*** [[Majority bonus system]] |
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*** [[Alternative vote plus]] |
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*** [[Dual-member proportional representation]] |
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*** [[Rural-urban proportional representation]] |
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* [[Suffrage]] |
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** [[Disfranchisement]] |
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** [[Right of foreigners to vote]] |
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** [[Right of expatriates to vote in their country of origin]] |
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** [[Youth suffrage]] |
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*** [[Age of candidacy]] |
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*** [[Demeny voting]] |
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** [[Wasted vote]] |
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* [[Voting]] |
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** [[Compulsory voting]] |
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** [[Electronic voting]] |
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** [[None of the above]] |
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** [[Secret ballot]] |
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* [[Game theory]] |
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* [[Political campaign]] |
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* [[Political communications]] |
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* [[Political compass|Political qualifications]] |
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{{End div col}} |
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===[[Order of succession]]=== |
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* [[Primogeniture]] |
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===[[Sortition]]=== |
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* [[Citizens' assembly]] |
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== Political institutions == |
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[[File:US Supreme Court.JPG|thumb|Institutions are often the framework within which politics happens. Pictured is the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].]] |
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===Branches of government=== |
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The [[separation of powers]] is typically set in the [[constitution]] or [[basic law]] in order to achieve [[checks and balances]] within government. The typical model has three branches, and is referred to as the '''''trias politica'''''. |
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* [[Legislature]], deliberates and passes [[law]]s. |
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** [[Unicameralism]] |
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** [[Bicameralism]] |
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*** [[Upper house]] |
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*** [[Lower house]] |
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** [[Tricameralism]] |
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** [[Tetracameralism]] |
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** [[Multicameralism]] |
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* [[Executive (government)|Executive]], executes laws. |
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** [[Head of state]], formal, often symbolic, leader of state. Sometimes has [[veto]] power over proposed legislation. |
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*** [[Monarch]] |
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*** [[Supreme leader]] |
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*** [[President (government title)|President]] |
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** [[Head of government]], the person(s) in charge of day-to-day affairs of the state. Usually heads a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]], a [[Council of Ministers]] or a [[Council of State]]. |
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*** [[Chancellor]] |
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*** [[Chief executive]] |
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*** [[Chief minister]] |
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*** [[First minister]] |
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*** [[Premier]] |
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*** [[Prime minister]] |
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* [[Judiciary]], often involved in politics through [[judicial review]]. |
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** [[Supreme court]] |
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** [[Constitutional court]] |
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[[File:Number of political parties in the Hellenic Parliament by election year and electoral system (1910-2015).svg|thumb|Political parties, and their number, are important aspects of representative systems. The number of political parties in the [[Hellenic Parliament]] of [[Greece]] has varied across time.]] |
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===[[Political parties]]=== |
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* [[Party system]]s |
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** [[Nonpartisan democracy]] |
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** [[One-party state]] |
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** [[Dominant-party system]] |
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** [[Two-party system]] |
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** [[Multi-party system]] |
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** [[Effective number of parties]] |
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** [[Party discipline]] |
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** [[Political faction]]s |
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* Party [[coalition government]]s |
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** [[Hung parliament]] |
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** [[Confidence and supply]] |
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** [[Minority government]] |
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** Rainbow coalition |
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** [[Grand coalition]] |
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** [[National unity government]] |
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** [[Majority government]] |
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== Political behavior == |
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===[[Theories of political behaviour]]=== |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Political culture]] |
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** [[Civic political culture]] |
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** [[Parochial political culture]] |
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** [[Patrimonialism]], a political culture which sees no difference between personal and political power. |
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*** [[Neopatrimonialism]] |
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*** [[Prebendalism]] |
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* [[Peace and conflict studies]] |
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** [[Aggressionism]] |
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** [[Greed versus grievance]] |
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* [[Political psychology]] |
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** [[Impressionable years hypothesis]] |
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** [[Postmaterialism]] |
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** [[Right-Wing Authoritarianism]] |
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** [[Social Dominance Orientation]] |
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** [[System Justification Theory]] |
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{{End div col}} |
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===[[Political strategy]]=== |
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{{Div col}} |
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{{See also|Political warfare}} |
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* [[Accelerationism]] |
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* [[Political campaign]]ing |
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** [[Campaign advertising]] |
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** [[Campaign finance]] |
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** [[Campaign management tools]] |
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** [[Canvassing]] |
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** [[Grassroots fundraising]] |
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** [[Smear campaign]] |
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** [[Opposition research]] |
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** [[Push poll]] |
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** [[Retail politics]] |
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* [[Power politics]] |
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** [[Balance of power (international relations)|Balance of power]] |
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** [[Bandwagoning]] |
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** [[Blackmail]] |
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** [[Brinkmanship]] |
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** [[Buck passing]] |
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** [[Coercion]] |
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** [[Hard power]] |
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** [[Sharp power]] |
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** [[Soft power]] |
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** [[Smart power]] |
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** [[Power projection]] |
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** [[Power vacuum]] |
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** [[Realpolitik]] |
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* [[Cloward–Piven strategy]] |
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** [[Starve the beast]] |
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* [[Propaganda]] |
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** [[Disinformation]] |
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** [[Fearmongering]] |
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** [[Frameup|Framing]] |
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** [[Indoctrination]] |
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** [[Loaded language]] |
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** [[Lying press]] |
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** [[National mythology]] |
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** [[Rally 'round the flag effect]] |
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{{End div col}} |
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===[[Voting behavior]]=== |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Abstention]] |
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* [[Abstentionism]] |
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** [[Election boycott]] |
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* [[Economic voting]] |
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* [[Altruism theory of voting]] |
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* [[Coattail effect]] |
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* [[Split-ticket voting]] |
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** [[Straight-ticket voting]] |
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* [[Tactical voting]] |
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** [[Vote pairing]] |
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* [[Paradox of voting]] |
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* [[Protest vote]] |
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** [[Spoilt vote]] |
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** [[Voter apathy]] |
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{{End div col}} |
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== Political dysfunction == |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Political warfare|Political conflict]] |
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** [[Civil disobedience]] |
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*** [[Boycott]] |
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*** [[Demonstration (protest)|Demonstration]] |
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*** [[Nonviolence]] |
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*** [[Picketing]] |
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*** [[Strike action]] |
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*** [[Tax resistance]] |
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** [[Civil war]] |
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*** [[Wars of national liberation]] |
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** [[Insurgency]] |
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*** [[Asymmetric warfare]] |
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*** [[Assassination]] |
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*** [[Guerrilla warfare]] |
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** [[Law of war]] |
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*** [[International criminal law]] |
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*** [[Just war theory]] |
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*** [[War crime]] |
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** [[Revolution]] |
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*** [[Bourgeois revolution]] |
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*** [[Communist revolution]] |
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*** [[Democratic revolution]] |
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*** [[Nonviolent revolution]] |
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*** [[Social revolution]] |
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*** [[Political revolution (Trotskyism)]] |
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*** [[Vanguardism]] |
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*** [[World revolution]] |
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** [[Terrorism]] |
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*** [[Nationalist terrorism|Nationalist-separatist terrorism]] |
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*** [[Propaganda of the deed]] |
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*** [[Religious terrorism|Religious extremist terrorism]] |
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*** [[Right-wing terrorism]] |
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*** [[Left-wing terrorism]] |
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* [[Political corruption]] |
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** [[Bribery]] |
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** [[Cronyism]] |
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** [[Economics of corruption]] |
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** [[Nepotism]] |
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** [[Political patronage]] |
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*** [[Clientelism]] |
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*** [[Earmark (politics)|Earmark]] |
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*** [[Political machine]] |
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*** [[Pork barrel]] |
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*** [[Slush fund]] |
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*** [[Spoils system]] |
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{{End div col}} |
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== Types of polities and forms of government == |
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{{Main|List of forms of government}} |
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{{See also|Polity}} |
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===By level of social organisation=== |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Traditional authority]], political society which has not gone through [[state formation]]. |
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** [[Band society]] |
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** [[Big man (anthropology)|Big man]] |
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** [[Chiefdom]] |
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** [[Empire]] (before [[New Imperialism]]). |
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* [[Local government]] |
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* [[Unitary state]] ([[Political unitarism|Unitarism]]) |
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** [[City-state]] |
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** [[Nation state]] |
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* [[Federalism]] |
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** [[Confederation]] |
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** [[Federation]] |
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* [[Regional integration]] |
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** [[Intergovernmental organization]] |
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** [[Supranational union]] |
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*** [[European Union]] ([[European studies]]) |
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** [[Trade bloc]] |
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* [[Global governance]] |
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** [[World state]] |
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{{End div col}} |
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===By formal power structure=== |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Feudalism]] |
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** [[Fengjian|Chinese feudalism]] |
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** [[Indian feudalism]] |
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* [[Monarchy]]/[[Diarchy]] |
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** [[Absolute monarchy]] |
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** [[Constitutional monarchy]] |
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** [[Elective monarchy]] |
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** [[Federal monarchy]] |
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* [[Republic]] |
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** [[Parliamentary system]] |
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*** [[Westminster system]] |
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** [[Presidential system]] |
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*** [[Semi-presidential system]] |
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*** [[President for life]] |
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{{End div col}} |
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===By source of power=== |
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{{Div col}} |
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* [[Autocracy]], the source of power is the leader. |
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* [[Democracy]], the source of power are the people through [[popular sovereignty]]. |
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* [[Ethnocracy]], the source of power is [[ethnicity]]. |
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* [[Meritocracy]], the source of power is talent. |
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** [[Noocracy]], talent is measured by [[wisdom]]. |
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** [[Technocracy]], talent is measured by [[expertise]]. |
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* [[Stratocracy]], the source of power is the [[military]]. |
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** [[Military dictatorship]] |
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** [[Military junta]] |
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* [[Theocracy]], the source of power is [[God]](s). |
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** [[Christian republic]] |
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** [[Halachic state]] |
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** [[Hindu nation]] |
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** [[Islamic state]] |
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* [[Oligarchy]], the source of power is the [[elite]]. |
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** [[Aristocracy]], the elite are hereditary. |
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** [[Gerontocracy]], the elite are the [[elderly]]. |
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* [[Plutocracy]], the source of power is [[wealth]]. |
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{{End div col}} |
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== Political ideologies and philosophies == |
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{{Div col}} |
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{{main|List of political ideologies}} |
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* [[Authoritarianism]] |
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** [[Absolutism (European history)|Absolutism]] |
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** [[Totalitarianism]] |
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* [[Left-wing politics]], usually focused on increasing [[egalitarianism]]. |
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** [[Far-left politics]] |
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*** [[Anarchism]] |
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*** [[Communism]] |
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** [[Socialism]] |
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*** [[Agrarian socialism]] |
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*** [[Democratic socialism]] |
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*** [[Liberal socialism]] |
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*** [[Libertarian socialism]] |
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*** [[Religious socialism]] |
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** [[Centre-left politics]] |
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*** [[Social democracy]] |
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*** [[Gradualism#Politics and society|Gradualism]] |
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*** [[Progressivism]] |
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*** [[Reformism]] |
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** [[Green politics]] |
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*** [[Green anarchism]] |
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*** [[Ecofeminism]] |
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*** [[Eco-socialism]] |
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* [[Centrism]], usually defined by highly pragmatic politics. |
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** [[Radical centrism]] |
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** [[Syncretic politics]] |
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** [[Third Position]] |
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** [[Third Way]] |
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* [[Liberalism]], defined by high valuing of [[liberty]]. |
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** [[Classical liberalism]] |
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** [[Conservative liberalism]] |
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** [[Neoliberalism]] |
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** [[Social liberalism]] |
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* [[Right-libertarianism]], often defined as high valuation of [[private property]] |
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** [[Paleolibertarianism]] |
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** [[Minarchism]] |
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** [[Anarcho-capitalism]] |
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* [[Right-wing politics]], often defined by opposition to social change, and a veneration of tradition. |
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** [[Centre-right politics]] |
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*** [[Christian democracy]] |
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*** [[Compassionate conservatism]] |
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*** [[Liberal conservatism]] |
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*** [[One-nation conservatism]] |
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*** [[Progressive conservatism]] |
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** [[Conservatism]] |
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*** [[Fiscal conservatism]] |
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*** [[Fusionism]] |
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*** [[Libertarian conservatism]] |
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*** [[National conservatism]] |
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*** [[Neoconservatism]] |
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*** [[Paleoconservatism]] |
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*** [[Social conservatism]] |
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*** [[Traditional conservatism]] |
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** [[Far-right politics]], political ideas which are described as [[reactionary]], [[ultranationalism|ultranationalist]], [[chauvinism|chauvinistic]], [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] or [[racism|racist]].<ref>Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., ''The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right'' (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.</ref> |
|||
*** [[Alt-right]] |
|||
*** [[Fascism]] |
|||
*** [[Nazism]] |
|||
* [[Identity politics]], political ideologies concerned with the interests of the members of a specific group. |
|||
** [[Black power]] |
|||
** [[Feminism]] |
|||
** [[Gay pride]] |
|||
** [[Indigenism]] |
|||
** [[Islamism]] |
|||
** [[Nationalism]], based on the centrality of the [[nation]]. |
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*** [[Civic nationalism]] |
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*** [[Ethnic nationalism]] |
|||
*** [[Expansionist nationalism]] |
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*** [[Irredentism]] |
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*** [[Pan-nationalism]] |
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*** [[Racial nationalism]] |
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*** [[Left-wing nationalism]] |
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*** [[Liberal nationalism]] |
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*** [[Secessionism]] |
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** [[Zionism]] |
|||
{{End div col}} |
|||
== Governments of the world == |
|||
{{Africa in topic|Government of}} |
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{{North America in topic|Government of}} |
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{{South America in topic|Government of}} |
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{{Asia in topic|Government of|TW=Government of the Republic of China}} |
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{{Government of Europe}} |
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{{Oceania in topic|Government of}} |
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== Political issues and policies == |
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===[[Rights]]=== |
|||
{{Div col}} |
|||
* [[Animal rights]] |
|||
* [[Civil and political rights]], usually related to topics of [[negative liberty]]. |
|||
** [[Freedom of assembly]] |
|||
** [[Freedom of association]] |
|||
** [[Right to asylum]] |
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** [[Freedom from discrimination]] |
|||
** [[Freedom of education]] |
|||
** [[Freedom of information]] |
|||
** [[Freedom of movement]] |
|||
** [[Freedom of speech]] |
|||
** [[Freedom of the press]] |
|||
** [[Freedom of thought]] |
|||
** [[Right to petition]] |
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** [[Right to protest]] |
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** [[Right to property]] |
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** [[Freedom of religion]] |
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** [[Right to life]] |
|||
* [[Economic, social and cultural rights]], usually cover issues of [[positive liberty]]. |
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** [[Digital rights]] |
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** [[Labor rights]] |
|||
*** [[Equal pay for equal work]] |
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** [[Right to an adequate standard of living]] |
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** [[Right to clothing]] |
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** [[Right to development]] |
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** [[Right to education]] |
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** [[Right to food]] |
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** [[Right to health]] |
|||
** [[Right to housing]] |
|||
** [[Right to Internet access]] |
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** [[Right to science and culture]] |
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** [[Right to social security]] |
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** [[Right to water]] |
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** [[Right to work]] |
|||
* [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]] |
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* [[Minority rights]] |
|||
** [[Affirmative action]] |
|||
* [[Women's rights]] |
|||
** [[Abortion law]] |
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{{End div col}} |
|||
===[[Economic policy]]=== |
|||
{{Div col}} |
|||
* [[Agricultural policy]] |
|||
** [[Agricultural subsidy]] |
|||
** [[Land reform]] |
|||
* [[Energy policy]] |
|||
** [[Nuclear energy policy]] |
|||
** [[Renewable energy policy]] |
|||
* [[Fiscal policy]] |
|||
** [[Budgetary policy]] |
|||
* [[Industrial policy]] |
|||
** [[Import substitution industrialization]] |
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* [[Investment policy]] |
|||
** [[Sovereign wealth fund]] |
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* [[Monetary policy]] |
|||
** [[Capital requirement]] |
|||
** [[Central bank]] |
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** [[Contractionary monetary policy]] |
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** [[Expansionary monetary policy]] |
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* [[Tax policy]] |
|||
** [[Internet taxation]] |
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** [[Tax cut]] |
|||
** [[Tax competition]] |
|||
** [[Tax holiday]] |
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** [[Tax reform]] |
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*** [[Flat tax]] |
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*** [[Tax harmonization]] |
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{{End div col}} |
|||
===[[Foreign policy|Foreign]] and [[security policy]]=== |
|||
{{Div col}} |
|||
* [[Arms control]] |
|||
** [[Nuclear disarmament]] |
|||
*** [[Nuclear-free zone]] |
|||
*** [[Nuclear nonproliferation]] |
|||
* [[Criminal justice]] |
|||
** [[Capital punishment]] |
|||
** [[Life imprisonment]] |
|||
** [[Mandatory sentencing]] |
|||
* [[Space policy]] |
|||
** [[Extraterrestrial real estate]] |
|||
** [[Militarization of space]] |
|||
*** [[Space force]] |
|||
* [[Counter-terrorism]] |
|||
** [[Anti-terrorism legislation]] |
|||
* [[International trade#Regulation of international trade|International Trade]] |
|||
* [[Military policy]] |
|||
** [[Military recruitment]] |
|||
*** [[Conscription]] |
|||
** [[Military-industrial complex]] |
|||
{{End div col}} |
|||
===[[Social policy]]=== |
|||
{{Div col}} |
|||
* [[Cultural policy]] |
|||
** [[Arts council]] |
|||
* [[Environmental policy]] |
|||
** [[Politics of global warming|Climate change policy]] |
|||
** [[Fisheries management]] |
|||
* [[Drug policy]] |
|||
** [[Drug decriminalization]] |
|||
** [[Drug policy reform]] |
|||
** [[Harm reduction]] |
|||
** [[Legality of cannabis]] |
|||
** [[Legal status of cocaine]] |
|||
** [[Legal drinking age]] |
|||
** [[Legal status of methamphetamine]] |
|||
** [[Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms]] |
|||
** [[Legal status of Salvia divinorum]] |
|||
* [[Education policy]] and [[Education reform|reform]] |
|||
** [[Education reform]] |
|||
* [[Immigration law]] |
|||
** [[Family reunification]] |
|||
** [[Immigration equality]] |
|||
** [[List of countries that regulate the immigration of felons|Immigration of felons]] |
|||
** [[Immigration reform]] |
|||
** [[Open border]] |
|||
** [[Permanent residency]] |
|||
** [[Work permit]] |
|||
* [[Race relations]] |
|||
** [[Affirmative action]] |
|||
** [[Institutional racism]] |
|||
** [[Racial profiling]] |
|||
** [[White privilege]] |
|||
* [[Religion and politics]] |
|||
** [[Separation of church and state]] |
|||
* [[Health policy]] |
|||
** [[Legality of euthanasia]] |
|||
** [[Stem cell controversy]] |
|||
** [[Universal healthcare]] |
|||
** [[Health care reform]] |
|||
* [[Welfare state]] |
|||
** [[Guaranteed minimum income]] |
|||
** [[Job guarantee]] |
|||
** [[Welfare reform]] |
|||
** [[Unemployment benefits]] |
|||
** [[Universal Basic Income]] |
|||
** [[Workfare]] |
|||
{{End div col}} |
|||
== {{Anchor|Politics by region}}Politics by continent == |
|||
<!-- This Anchor tag serves to provide a permanent target for incoming section links. Please do not remove it, nor modify it, except to add another appropriate anchor. If you modify the section title, please anchor the old title. It is always best to anchor an old section header that has been changed so that links to it will not be broken. See [[Template:Anchor]] for details. This text is produced using {{subst:Anchor comment}} --> |
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{{Africa in topic|Politics of}} |
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{{Asia in topic|Politics of}} |
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{{Politics of Europe}} |
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{{North America in topic|Politics of}} |
|||
{{Oceania in topic|Politics of}} |
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{{South America in topic|Politics of}} |
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=== Foreign relations by continents === |
|||
{{Africa in topic|Foreign relations of}} |
|||
{{Asia in topic|Foreign relations of}} |
|||
{{Foreign relations of Europe}} |
|||
{{North America in topic|Foreign relations of}} |
|||
{{Oceania in topic|Foreign relations of}} |
|||
{{South America in topic|Foreign relations of}} |
|||
=== Political parties by continent === |
|||
{{Africa in topic|List of political parties in}} |
|||
{{Asia in topic|List of political parties in}} |
|||
{{List of political parties in Europe}} |
|||
{{North America in topic|List of political parties in}} |
|||
{{Oceania in topic|List of political parties in}} |
|||
{{South America in topic|List of political parties in}} |
|||
== History of politics == |
|||
* [[History of political science]] |
|||
* [[History of political thinking]] |
|||
* [[Political history]] |
|||
** [[List of years in politics]] |
|||
== Political scholars == |
|||
* [[List of political scientists]] |
|||
* [[List of political philosophers]] |
|||
** [[List of social and political philosophers]] |
|||
* [[List of political theorists]] |
|||
== Influential literature == |
|||
* ''[[The Art of War]]'' – by [[Sun Tsu]] ({{Circa|544}}–496 BC) |
|||
* ''[[History of the Peloponnesian War]]'' by [[Thucydides]] ({{Circa|460|400 BC}}) |
|||
* ''[[The Republic (Plato)|The Republic]]'' and ''[[Laws (dialogue)|Laws]]'' – by [[Plato]] (427–347 BC) |
|||
* ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|The Politics]]'' and ''[[Nicomachean Ethics]]'' – [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC) |
|||
* ''[[Arthashastra]]'' – [[Chanakya|{{IAST|Chāṇakya}}]]<ref>Mabbett 1964 "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to {{IAST|Viṣṇugupta}}, {{IAST|Cāṇakya}} and {{IAST|Kauṭilya}}. The same individual is meant in each case. The ''[[Panchatantra|Pańcatantra]]'' explicitly identifies [[Chanakya]] with {{IAST|Viṣṇugupta}}."</ref> ({{Circa|350}}–283 BC) |
|||
* ''[[Meditations]]'' – ''[[Marcus Aurelius|Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE]]'' |
|||
* ''[[The Prince]]'' – by Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) |
|||
* ''[[The Book of Five Rings]]'' – [[Miyamoto Musashi]] ({{Circa|1584}}––1645) |
|||
* ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'' – [[Thomas Hobbes]] (1588–1679) |
|||
* ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' – by [[Adam Smith]] (1723–1790) |
|||
* ''[[On War]]'' – by [[Carl von Clausewitz]] (1780–1831) |
|||
* ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' – by [[Karl Marx]] (1818–1883) |
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== See also == |
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{{Outline footer}}<!-- Most of these topics need to be placed in the outline above --> |
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{{Portal|Politics}} |
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{{columns-list|colwidth=30em| |
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* [[Anthropology]] |
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* [[Constitutional economics]] |
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* [[Debate]] |
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* [[Food politics]] |
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* [[Government simulation game]] |
|||
* [[Music and politics]] |
|||
* [[Policy]] |
|||
* [[Rule According to Higher Law]] |
|||
* [[Office politics]] |
|||
* [[Official statistics]] |
|||
* [[Organizational politics]] |
|||
* [[Political activism]] |
|||
* [[Political corruption]] |
|||
* [[Political criticism]] |
|||
* [[Political economy]] |
|||
* [[Political fiction]] ([[Politics in fiction|list]]) |
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* [[Political movement]] |
|||
* [[Political party]] ([[List of political parties by country|list by country]]) |
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* [[Political power]] |
|||
* [[Political psychology]] |
|||
* [[Political spectrum]] |
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* [[Theories of Political Behavior]] |
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}} |
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== Further reading == |
|||
*Roskin, M.; Cord, R. L.; Medeiros, J. A.; Jones, W. S. (2007). ''Political Science: An Introduction''. 10th ed. New York: [[Pearson Prentice Hall]]. {{ISBN|978-0-13-242575-9}} (10). {{ISBN|978-0-13-242575-9}} (13). |
|||
*Tausch, A.; Prager, F. (1993). ''Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development''. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: [[St. Martin's Press]]. |
|||
*''[[Oxford Handbooks of Political Science]]'' – ten-volume set covering the political science topics [[political methodology]], [[public policy]], [[political theory]], [[political economy]], [[comparative politics]], [[contextual political analysis]], [[international relations]], Law and Politics, [[Theories of political behavior|political behavior]], and [[political institutions]]. The general editor of the series is [[Robert E. Goodin]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Aug 2006 |title=Oxford Handbook of Political Theory |url=http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042142/http://www.oup.com.au/titles/higher_ed/social_science/politics/9780199270033 |archive-date=Mar 5, 2016 |website=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199270033}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory|first=Mary|last=Walsh|date=1 May 2008|journal=Contemporary Political Theory|volume=7|issue=2|pages=232–234|doi=10.1057/cpt.2008.2|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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== References == |
|||
{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
|||
{{sisterlinks|Political science}} |
|||
* [http://www.apsanet.org/ American Political Science Association] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/19980215221318/http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/ European Consortium for Political Research] |
|||
* [http://www.ipsa.org/ International Political Science Association] |
|||
* [http://www.psa.ac.uk/ Political Studies Association of the UK] |
|||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092151/http://www.politicalscience.org/ PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)]{{dead link|date=January 2024}} |
|||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020616040916/http://www2.truman.edu/polisci/design.htm Truman State University, "Political Science Research Design Handbook"] |
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* {{Cite web |date=13 November 2006 |title=A New Nation Votes - American Election Returns, 1787 - 1825 |url=http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208183011/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/ |archive-date=Dec 8, 2006 |website=American Antiquarian Society -- Election Records Project}} |
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* {{Cite web |title=POLITICAL Domain Links IV |url=http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/linksIV.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020140819/http://www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/linksIV.htm |archive-date=Oct 20, 2014 |website=Hodges' Health Career Model}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Political Science}} |
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[[Category:Outlines of laws and legal topics|Politics]] |
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[[Category:Outlines|Politics]] |
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[[Category:Political science| 1]] |
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[[Category:Society-related lists|Politics]] |
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[[id:Garis besar politik]] |
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[[no:Oversikt over politikk]] |
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[[fi:Politiikan pääpiirteet]] |
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[[sv:Översikt över politiken]] |
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[[mk:Преглед на политиката и политичките науки]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:49, 22 March 2024
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to politics and political science:
| Part of the Politics series |
| Politics |
|---|
 Politics portal |
Politics – the exercise of power; process by which groups of people make collective decisions. Politics is the art or science of running governmental or state affairs (including behavior within civil governments), institutions, fields, and special interest groups such as the corporate, academic, and religious segments of society.
Political science – the field concerning the theory and practice of politics and the description and analysis of political systems and political behavior.
Fields of study of political science[edit]
- Comparative politics
- Development studies
- Geopolitics and political geography
- Area studies
- Globalization studies
- Gender and politics
- Institutional theory
- International relations
- Nationalism studies
- Political behavior
- Political economy
- Political fiction
- Political research methodology
- Political sociology
- Political theory and philosophy
- Positive political theory
- Postcolonialism
- Psephology – study of elections
- Policy analysis and Policy studies
- Strategic studies
Related disciplines[edit]
Political theory[edit]
- Anarchist schools of thought hold that all forms of hierarchy and authority are illegitimate.
- Social anarchism views individual freedom as interrelated with mutual aid.[1]
- Individualist anarchism
- Democratic theory
- Athenian democracy a form of Greek democracy in which free male citizens had a direct vote on all government actions.
- Republicanism a strain of political thought which was common among the city-states of the Italian Renaissance, such as the Republic of Venice.
- Representative democracy
- Direct democracy
- Radical democracy
- International relations theory
- Majoritarianism
- Marxist schools of thought
- Metapolitics
- Peace and conflict studies
- Political geography
- Political symbolism
- Postcolonialism
- Theories of state
Decision-making[edit]
Election[edit]
- Electoral systems
- Plurality voting allows each voter to vote for a single candidate, with the candidate with most votes being the winner. It is often combined with single-member districts, resulting in a majoritarian democracy.
- Proportional representation ensures that proportions of representation allocated in the elected body reflect their proportions of support among the electorate.[2] Often combined with multi-member districts to produce consensus democracy.
- Mixed electoral systems
- Suffrage
- Voting
- Game theory
- Political campaign
- Political communications
- Political qualifications
Order of succession[edit]
Sortition[edit]
Political institutions[edit]
Branches of government[edit]
The separation of powers is typically set in the constitution or basic law in order to achieve checks and balances within government. The typical model has three branches, and is referred to as the trias politica.
- Legislature, deliberates and passes laws.
- Executive, executes laws.
- Head of state, formal, often symbolic, leader of state. Sometimes has veto power over proposed legislation.
- Head of government, the person(s) in charge of day-to-day affairs of the state. Usually heads a cabinet, a Council of Ministers or a Council of State.
- Judiciary, often involved in politics through judicial review.
.svg)
Political parties[edit]
Political behavior[edit]
Theories of political behaviour[edit]
- Political culture
- Civic political culture
- Parochial political culture
- Patrimonialism, a political culture which sees no difference between personal and political power.
- Peace and conflict studies
- Political psychology
Political strategy[edit]
Voting behavior[edit]
Political dysfunction[edit]
Types of polities and forms of government[edit]
By level of social organisation[edit]
- Traditional authority, political society which has not gone through state formation.
- Band society
- Big man
- Chiefdom
- Empire (before New Imperialism).
- Local government
- Unitary state (Unitarism)
- Federalism
- Regional integration
- Global governance
By formal power structure[edit]
By source of power[edit]
- Autocracy, the source of power is the leader.
- Democracy, the source of power are the people through popular sovereignty.
- Ethnocracy, the source of power is ethnicity.
- Meritocracy, the source of power is talent.
- Noocracy, talent is measured by wisdom.
- Technocracy, talent is measured by expertise.
- Stratocracy, the source of power is the military.
- Theocracy, the source of power is God(s).
- Oligarchy, the source of power is the elite.
- Aristocracy, the elite are hereditary.
- Gerontocracy, the elite are the elderly.
- Plutocracy, the source of power is wealth.
Political ideologies and philosophies[edit]
- Authoritarianism
- Left-wing politics, usually focused on increasing egalitarianism.
- Centrism, usually defined by highly pragmatic politics.
- Liberalism, defined by high valuing of liberty.
- Right-libertarianism, often defined as high valuation of private property
- Right-wing politics, often defined by opposition to social change, and a veneration of tradition.
- Centre-right politics
- Conservatism
- Far-right politics, political ideas which are described as reactionary, ultranationalist, chauvinistic, xenophobic or racist.[3]
- Identity politics, political ideologies concerned with the interests of the members of a specific group.
Governments of the world[edit]
Political issues and policies[edit]
Rights[edit]
- Animal rights
- Civil and political rights, usually related to topics of negative liberty.
- Economic, social and cultural rights, usually cover issues of positive liberty.
- LGBT rights
- Minority rights
- Women's rights
Economic policy[edit]
Foreign and security policy[edit]
Social policy[edit]
Politics by continent[edit]
Foreign relations by continents[edit]
Political parties by continent[edit]
History of politics[edit]
Political scholars[edit]
Influential literature[edit]
- The Art of War – by Sun Tsu (c. 544–496 BC)
- History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC)
- The Republic and Laws – by Plato (427–347 BC)
- The Politics and Nicomachean Ethics – Aristotle (384–322 BC)
- Arthashastra – Chāṇakya[4] (c. 350–283 BC)
- Meditations – Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor 161–180 CE
- The Prince – by Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527)
- The Book of Five Rings – Miyamoto Musashi (c. 1584––1645)
- Leviathan – Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
- The Wealth of Nations – by Adam Smith (1723–1790)
- On War – by Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831)
- The Communist Manifesto – by Karl Marx (1818–1883)
See also[edit]
- Anthropology
- Constitutional economics
- Debate
- Food politics
- Government simulation game
- Music and politics
- Policy
- Rule According to Higher Law
- Office politics
- Official statistics
- Organizational politics
- Political activism
- Political corruption
- Political criticism
- Political economy
- Political fiction (list)
- Political movement
- Political party (list by country)
- Political power
- Political psychology
- Political spectrum
- Theories of Political Behavior
Further reading[edit]
- Roskin, M.; Cord, R. L.; Medeiros, J. A.; Jones, W. S. (2007). Political Science: An Introduction. 10th ed. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-242575-9 (10). ISBN 978-0-13-242575-9 (13).
- Tausch, A.; Prager, F. (1993). Towards a Socio-Liberal Theory of World Development. Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press.
- Oxford Handbooks of Political Science – ten-volume set covering the political science topics political methodology, public policy, political theory, political economy, comparative politics, contextual political analysis, international relations, Law and Politics, political behavior, and political institutions. The general editor of the series is Robert E. Goodin.[5][6]
References[edit]
- ^ Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". Journal of Philosophy of Education 35 (4). pp. 627–646. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00249.
- ^ Mill, John Stuart (1861). "Chapter VII, Of True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only". Considerations on Representative Government. London: Parker, Son, & Bourn.
- ^ Carlisle, Rodney P., ed., The Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right, Volume 2: The Right (Thousand Oaks, California, United States; London, England; New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, 2005) p. 693.
- ^ Mabbett 1964 "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to Viṣṇugupta, Cāṇakya and Kauṭilya. The same individual is meant in each case. The Pańcatantra explicitly identifies Chanakya with Viṣṇugupta."
- ^ "Oxford Handbook of Political Theory". Oxford University Press. 27 Aug 2006. ISBN 9780199270033. Archived from the original on Mar 5, 2016.
- ^ Walsh, Mary (1 May 2008). "The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory". Contemporary Political Theory. 7 (2): 232–234. doi:10.1057/cpt.2008.2.
External links[edit]
Political science at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
- American Political Science Association
- European Consortium for Political Research
- International Political Science Association
- Political Studies Association of the UK
- PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)[dead link]
- Truman State University, "Political Science Research Design Handbook"
- "A New Nation Votes - American Election Returns, 1787 - 1825". American Antiquarian Society -- Election Records Project. 13 November 2006. Archived from the original on Dec 8, 2006.
- "POLITICAL Domain Links IV". Hodges' Health Career Model. Archived from the original on Oct 20, 2014.